你的第一个装饰器

在上一个例子里，其实我们已经创建了一个装饰器！现在我们修改下上一个装饰器，并编写一个稍微更有用点的程序：

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
#now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction()
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#        I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#        I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

你看明白了吗？我们刚刚应用了之前学习到的原理。这正是python中装饰器做的事情！它们封装一个函数，并且用这样或者那样的方式来修改它的行为。现在你也许疑惑，我们在代码里并没有使用@符号？那只是一个简短的方式来生成一个被装饰的函数。这里是我们如何使用@来运行之前的代码：

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey you! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#         I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#         I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
#the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying:
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)

希望你现在对Python装饰器的工作原理有一个基本的理解。如果我们运行如下代码会存在一个问题：

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: wrapTheFunction

这并不是我们想要的！Ouput输出应该是“a_function_requiring_decoration”。这里的函数被warpTheFunction替代了。它重写了我们函数的名字和注释文档(docstring)。幸运的是Python提供给我们一个简单的函数来解决这个问题，那就是functools.wraps。我们修改上一个例子来使用functools.wraps：

from functools import wraps
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    @wraps(a_func)
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey yo! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: a_function_requiring_decoration

现在好多了。我们接下来学习装饰器的一些常用场景。

蓝本规范:

from functools import wraps
def decorator_name(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        if not can_run:
            return "Function will not run"
        return f(*args, **kwargs)
    return decorated
@decorator_name
def func():
    return("Function is running")
can_run = True
print(func())
# Output: Function is running
can_run = False
print(func())
# Output: Function will not run

注意：@wraps接受一个函数来进行装饰，并加入了复制函数名称、注释文档、参数列表等等的功能。这可以让我们在装饰器里面访问在装饰之前的函数的属性。